Journal of Medicinal Plants Biotechnology

Abstract To evaluate the genetic diversity of fifteen ajowan population, 15 RAPD primer(s) were used. Minimum allele (4) were dectected in TIBMBC02, TIBMBA06 and TIBMBC06 primers and maximum (11) in TIBMBC09 primer. The highest diversity index (0.9) was belong to TIBMBC09 primer and the lowest (0.4) blong to TIBMBC12 Primer, The highest Marker Index (9.07) was belong to TIBMBA09 and the lowest (1.63) belong to TIBMBA06, the most Ne allele, Shanon diversity and Nei diversity (1.9, 0.673 and 0.48 respectively) was belone to TIBMBA12 primer and the lowest Ne allele, Shanon diversity and Nei diversity (1.15, 0.258 and 0.134 respectively) was belone to TIBMBA09 primer. On the basis of the Nei and Li and Jaccard similarity, The lowest similarity was belong to C. copticum of Ardabil with Boroujerd, Qom and Boshrooyeha. Partitioning variations within and between populations, using an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), showed that 15% and 85% of the total genetic variation existed between and within growing regions, respectively. Cluster analysis based on Nei and Li and Jaccard similarity matrix and UPGMA method showed an avegrage relationship between genetic distance and the geographical grouping of Ajowan.

Abstract

Abstract Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the oldest medicinal and spice plants in the world. Several factors affect the growth and production of saffron including: age and the number of corms per surface area, soil texture, the time of plant culture, time and kind of irrigation, mineral nutrition and ecological factors. It seems that the quantity and quality of saffron products are greatly different at different plant ages. The plant or field age has important effect on growth indices of saffron and its secondary metabolites. In order to investigate the effects of plant age on secondary metabolites and some physiological factors of saffron, a research project was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the research field of medicinal plants of the University of Zanjan. Three saffron farms with different biological ages of one, two and five years old were selected as experimental treatments, and then three plots were randomly selected from each farm and the desired traits were measured. Results showed that, increasing of the age of saffron plants in this experiment increased fresh weight of plant and dry weight of stigma. 5-yraes old plants showed the highest amounts of these traits. Whereas, the contents of soluble proteins and sugars and photosynthetic pigments were higher at first year and decreased by increasing of plant age. Number of secondary metabolites decreased when the age of plants increased as in one–year old saffron plants 26 metabolites and in 5-year old plants only 15 metabolites were detected. Loliolid (18%) and thymol (17%) in 1-year old plants and thymol (19%) and camphor (14%) in 5-year old plants showed the highest level among all detected secondary compounds. Generally according to these results, plant age has an important effect on the number and kinds of secondary metabolites in saffron which should be considered at the time of saffron harvesting.   

Abstract Drogonhead from the Lamiaceae family is an important plant with many uses . This research was performed in pots and done in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a split-split plot layout with three replications. Irrigation regimes (D1-D3: Field Capacity, 50% and 75% evaporation from basin class A) in main plots, superabsorbent nano-polymer application (S1-S2: use and not use) in sub plots and treatments of fertilizers in sub-sub plots were done. Over two consecutive years, the obtained results showed that the use of treatments increased the characters and made the significant effectiveness. In two years, the highest shoot dry matter (54.43 g.plant-1), zinc of shoot (68.12 µg/g dry weight), iron of shoot (75.68 µg/g dry weight), phenol (1.22 mg.Kg Fw-1), chlorophyll content (2.55 mg.g-1 DW) and essential oil content (1.12 %) made by grow-more fertilizers specially grow-more 1 (20-20-20) in combination with Fe/Zn Libfer with irrigation regime of 25% evaporation. The lowest values for morpho-physiological and phytochemical characters such as shoot dry matter (19.82 g.plant-1), zinc of shoot (25.43 µg/g dry weight), iron of shoot (38.43 µg/g dry weight), phenol (0.33 mg.KgFw-1), chlorophyll content (1.88 mg.g-1 DW) and essential oil content (0.28 %) obtained by plants treated with irrigation regime of 75% evaporation from basin class A (D3) and no application of fertilizers. Generally the application of grow-more fertilizer 1 (20-20-20) with consumption of zinc and iron fertilizers can be a good strategy to improve morpho-physiological characters and essential oil quantity and quality of D.moldavica in same climates.

Abstract The genus pumpkin from the family Cucurbitaceae with oily seeds has 10 species, 5 of which are of
agricultural importance. Three species C. Pepo and C. Moschata, C. Maxima are more important. The present
study aimed to investigate genetic diversity based on ISSR markers in 30 genotypes of 3 populations of
pumpkin. For this purpose, 4 primers with simple repetitive sequences (microsatellite) were used. In this study,
72 genetic locations were ranked, of which there were 72 polymorphic locations with a polygonal percentage
of 100%. To assess the genetic similarity between the population, cluster analysis using Jaccard's similarity
was used with UPGMA method. The mean genetic distance of genotypes (by Jaccard's coefficient of similarity)
was 0.77 and the mean of content (PIC) was 0.47. The ISSR11 primers had the highest PIC (0.50). With the
regret to dendrograms obtained from cluster analysis revealed a high variation among genotypes. The highest
genetic distance was between genotypes R30, R11 and R14 and the lowest genetic distance between R24 and
R27. The results of this study showed that ISSR markers can be effectively used to study the genetic variation
of pumpkin. Among the primers used, the marker ISSR11 ((GA) 8 G) was the most suitable primer for
subsequent studies.

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Abstract Hyssops are herbaceous and perennial plants, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. In this experiment, callus production of two hyssop species (H. officinalis and H. angustifolius called common and local, respectively) was investigated using two culture media and different levels of plant growth regulators (PGR’s) to achieve the best culture medium and PGR combination for producing callus as a starting plant material for plant regeneration and secondary metabolite production. To do this, the seeds were cultured in MS medium and after 2 weeks shoots were placed on to the MS and B5 medium and PGR treatments (control, 0.5mg/L 2,4-D, 1mg/L 2,4-D, 0.2 mg/L NAA + 0.5mg/L 2,4-D, 0.2 mg/L NAA + 1mg/L 2,4-D) and incubated in a controlled environment. Then, the callus induction time and percentage of callus producing explants, fresh and dry weight of callus and callus color were recorded. The results showed that interaction between species, medium and PGR treatments was significant at 1% level. Meanwhile, mean comparison analyses showed that the highest amount of callus production in both evaluated hyssop species was observed in MS media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2 mg/L NAA, in which the common hyssop showed calli after 6 days, while the local hyssop species started callusing after 11 days. According to this research, this PGR treatment is proposed for callus induction in both species. Given the importance of these medicinal speciesof hyssop especially the local one and probability of its extinction, these results can be used for protecting this valuable herb.
 

Abstract The use of Algae was common for a long time for prevention and treatment of diseases through their various
combinations. Red Algae (Gracilaria salicornia) has some combinations with specific chemical structures, so
it can dispose singlet oxygen and absorb radicals. The objective of this study is to show the lethal effects of
Gracilaria salicornia extract on breast cancer (MCF 7) and the human lung fibroblast cell line (MRC5)
using the MTT method and study of compounds by GC MASS. Algae was harvested from Chabahar coast and
it was prepared for hydro-alcoholic extract based on Soxhlet method and three fractions of hexane, chloroform
and ethyl acetate . The five concentrations of extracts were effected and the results were evaluated. Grasilaria
hydro-alcoholic extract was used to assess its anti-cancer compounds and antioxidant effects by GC-Mass.
Statistical analysis was performed using prism. The statistical significance of difference analyzed by one-way
ANOVA/Tukey test. Result was considered significant at P< 0.05.
The results showed that different concentrations of ethanolic extract and fractions significantly reduced the
growth of MCF7 and MRC5 cell lines compared to the control group after 48 hours (P<0.05). The IC50 results
was determined in MCF7 for total extract, fractions of ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane it was respectively
equal to 528, 192, 107, and 272 μg/ml and for MRC5 in order 879,205,185 and 366 μg/ml. Based on the results,
the Algae can be considered as a strong chemical agent and suitable growth deterrent for this cell line.

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Abstract Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the oldest medicinal and spice plants in the world. In order to investigate the effects of plant age on secondary metabolites and some physiological factors of saffron, a research project was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the research field of medicinal plants of the University of Zanjan. Three saffron farms with different biological ages of one, two and five years old were selected as experimental treatments, and then three plots were randomly selected from each farm and the desired traits were measured. Results showed that, increasing of the age of saffron plants in this experiment increased fresh weight of plant and dry weight of stigma. 5-yraes old plants showed the highest amounts of these traits. Whereas, the contents of soluble proteins and sugars and photosynthetic pigments were higher at first year and decreased by increasing of plant age. Number of secondary metabolites decreased when the age of plants increased as in one–year old saffron plants 26 metabolites and in 5-year old plants only 15 metabolites were detected. Loliolid (18%) and thymol (17%) in 1-year old plants and thymol (19%) and camphor (14%) in 5-year old plants showed the highest level among all detected secondary compounds. Generally according to these results, plant age has an important effect on the number and kinds of secondary metabolites in saffron which should be considered at the time of saffron harvesting.

Abstract Assessing the genetic diversity in the population is the prerequisite to start and develop plant breeding projects. The genus Hedera L. occupies forest understories and riparian vegetation in temperate latitudes throughout Europe, N Africa and Asia. Therefore, we collected and analyzed 35 Hedera genotype, from five provinces of Iran regions. Our aims were 1) to assess genetic diversity among some of Irainian Hedera cultivars 2) is there a correlation between species genetic and geographical distance? 3) Genetic structure of populations and taxa. We showed significant differences in quantitative morphological characters in plant species. Hedera colchica depicted unbiased expected heterozygosity (UHe) in the range of 0.19. Shannon information was high (0.39) in Hedera helix cultivars. Hedera colchica cultivars showed the lowest value, 0.23. Gene flow (Nm) was relatively low (0.29) in Hedera cultivars. The Mantel test showed correlation (r = 0.86, p=0.0001) between genetic and geographical distances. We reported high genetic diversity, which clearly shows the among some of Irainian Hedera cultivars can adapt to changing environments since high genetic diversity is linked to species adaptability. Present results highlighted the utility of RAPD markers and morphometry methods to investigate genetic diversity in Hedera cultivars.

Abstract High antioxidant and minerals such as Ca, Fe, ZN and vitamins such as A, C was causing high value in Basil.
But asexual reproduction basil by seeds it has diversity and high uniformity. for this reason direct regeneration
basil by tissue culture it has production of plants with high uniformity. In this experiment nodal explants of
two variety purpule and green Basil put in MS with BAP in three levels0, 1/5, 2/5 mg/L. Qualities investigated
was contains number of regeneration, number of root, number of leaf, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot
dry weight, leaf length, shoot length. The effect of hormone treatment in all qualities in 1% was significant.
Effect of varities in number of regeneration, fresh weight and dry weight in 1% and other qualities in 5% was
significant. In examining the interactions of the variety and concentration hormons showed that was significant
on fresh weight and dry weight in level 5%. The highest number of regeneration was obtained in purple Basil
in 1/5 mg/L BAP with average regeneration 3/17. According to results purple Basil was suitable varity for
tissue culture. Also BAP in 1/5 mg/L on all qualities had the best effect.

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Abstract Lunularia cruciate belonges to Lunulariaceae.It is small thalloid plant growing on the dump soils. Since the species is easy recognizable by the semi Lunularia cruciata gemma cups.Plant material  harvested  in three hight  and sexual & asexual gemmae in Ramsar city.For the manufacture of the extracts from the plants, extraction with etanol absolute and soxhlet.The separation of the components was achieved by gas chromatography and the identification of each compound was made by their mass spectrometry. It is known that the pattern of terpenoids ,saturated  and  unsaturated fatty acid in the Lunularia cruciata. The results of variance analysis on the palmitic acid, tetradecanoic acid, tetradecane, phytol,giberllic acid and neophytadiene showed that the hight changes on the these metabolits whith out palmitic acid significant at 1%level probability and these metabolits without phytol significant at 1%level probability in sexual and asexual gemmae.

Abstract Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a perennial plant that well known due to natural sweeteners Diterpenes
that contributes 4-20 percent of dry matter of the plant's leaves. Since stevia multiplication is performed by
seed, transplanting, cuttings and tissue culture, this study specifically compare the chemical compounds of the
plant in different growth conditions, including natural and tissue culture conditions using plant extracts and
essential oil. The results showed that among 55 identified chemical compounds in the extract of tissue culture,
16 compounds were common and 39 others were exclusively in tissue culture condition. Also, among total of
70 chemical compounds in the extract of natural condition, 54 compounds were exclusively observed in extract
of stevia grown in natural condition. The results of GC-MS of essential oil showed that there were eight similar
compounds among natural and tissue culture samples. Therefore, among 41 identified chemical compounds in
the stevia essence obtained from tissue culture, there were only 33 of composition exclusively observed in
tissue culture conditions. Also, among 164 compounds identified in a plant essential oil grown in a natural
conditions, 156 of them were exclusively observed in natural conditions.

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Abstract Artificial seed technology is a novel method in biotechnology where artificial seeds are produced and encapsulated using various materials and processes. These seeds are typically created by encapsulating plant meristems or somatic embryos, using polymer materials such as sodium alginate for encapsulation. One of the advantages of these seeds is the easier and better cultivation of certain plants, especially those with harder germination conditions due to dormancy or environmental factors. However, the use of artificial seed technology comes with challenges, including environmental impacts, production costs, and technical issues such as improving encapsulation processes and the quality of artificial seeds. This article introduces artificial seeds and production methods, the materials used for encapsulation, the principles of encapsulation, the advantages, and challenges faced by these seeds. Some companies active in the field of artificial seeds and the plants from which artificial seeds are produced are introduced to further study and advance this technology.

Abstract The Ferula gummosa plant is a perennial and valuable species from the Apiaceae family, native to Iran. The significance of this plant lies in its resin, known as galbanum. Dormancy of the seeds is one of the main challenges in its growth, taking at least 9 months under natural conditions. The aim of this experiment was to shorten the dormancy period of this plant using artificial seed technology. In this experiment, somatic embryos of F .gummosa at the heart-shaped and torpedo stages were obtained from leaf explants in an MS1/2 medium containing 1 mg/L of BAP hormone and 1 mg/L of NAA hormone. Additionally, the embryonic part of the seed was isolated and encapsulated using a 2% sodium alginate solution, resulting in the production of artificial seeds. The results showed that the encapsulated somatic embryos at the torpedo stage showed the greatest seedling length after 15 and 30 days, and the germination of these seeds was faster compared to other seeds. The seeds obtained from the embryonic part also showed acceptable results. The findings of this experiment indicate that considering the time required for producing artificial seeds of F. gummosa, this method is quicker and more suitable for the propagation of this plant.

Abstract In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus on the characteristics of herbaceous plant under stress
conditions, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three
replications at the Agricultural Research Farm of Urmia University in 2012-2013. Irrigation at three levels;
irrigation after 50 (control), 100 (medium stress) and 150 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan
(severe stress) as the first factor and association of fungi (control and glomus intraradices) as a second factor
was considered. The results showed that with increasing irrigation levels from 50 to 150 mm (evaporation from
pan), seed number per pod, 1000 seed weight and essential oil yield of Fenugreek decreased significantly. The
highest percentage of essential oil was obtained from 100 mm irrigation water evaporation from the pan. Also,
at each level of irrigation (50, 100, 150 mm evaporation), the maximum total chlorophyll content, relative
water content of leaves, biological yield and grain yield of Fenugreek were obtained was obtained from
treatment of mycorrhizal fungi.