Journal of Medicinal Plants Biotechnology

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Abstract This study investigated the influence of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) on biochemical traits and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GUPX) in shoots of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) affected by three different levels of salt stress. The experiment was arranged as a factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Experimental treatments including: three levels of salinity stress (0 (control), 60 and 120 µm) and two levels of inoculation (inoculation and non inoculation). Salinity decreased fenugreek growth, regardless of the mycorrhizal treatment and the salt stress level. The plants inoculated with AMF had significantly greater shoot biomass than the control plants at all salinity levels. However, the results pointed out that salinity had inhibitory effects on mycorrhizal infection. The highest mycorrhizal infection was observed in the control plants. According to the results,The  salt stressed plants had significantly greater essential oil percent than the control plants. AMF colonization notably increased essential oil percent at all salinity levels. The proline content was higher in salt-stressedthan non-stressed fenugreek, but there was no significant difference in proline content between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants under salt stress conditions.Increasing salinity stress raised significantly the antioxidant enzyme activities, including those of total SOD, GUPX and CAT, of fenugreek compared to their respective non-stressed controls. The AMF induced a higher increase in these antioxidant enzymes in response to severe salinity. Inoculation with AMF could serve as a useful tool for alleviating salinity stress in salt-sensitive plants. However, there was not significant interaction between salt and mycorrhizal inoculation on GUPX in shoots.

Abstract Native plants to desert ecosystems, have unique features to ensure their survival in harsh conditions. Choghan
(local name for Salsola tragus) is an ancient desert plant, have used for medicinal properties, and was the only
washing plant in many parts of Iran. Urban culture and supply all kinds of chemical detergents have led to the
forgetfulness of the capacities of national and patriotic detergent plant. Identify and preserve of such valuable
plants that is resistant to harsh conditions and generally are halophyte, can be exploited in therapeutic
applications, detergent plant production programs, sustainable agriculture, environmental protection and
desertification. In order to study the response of callus initiation of this plant tissues, seeds were sterilized and
planted on MS medium. After two days, explants of root, stem and leaf were cultured on MS medium with
NAA hormone with three levels: 0, 5 and 10 mg per liter. After three weeks, callus formation was evaluated.
The results showed that the best explants for good callus induction, were the explants of leaf and then stem in
16 hours of light with an intensity of 3000 lux at a concentration of 5 mg of the NAA.

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Abstract Ferula.gummosa is one of the important medicinal plants in Iran and world. Today this plant is endangered in nature. One of the reasons for the threat is the long dormancy of galbanum seeds and its very low germination power, along with its uncontrolled harvesting. In this research, which was conducted in a completely randomized design with 3 replications and 3 treatments at the Biotechnology Research Institute of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, galbanum plant embryos from Fars province were seprated from seeds and cultured to find the best concentration for growth in MS media with concentrations of 1/2-1/4 and complete MS media. After 30 days, traits such as seedling length, seedling weight, and percentage of germination in each medium were measured and compared. The results showed that the growth rate of this plant in MS1/4 media was higher than the two other concentrations . According to available published sources, the results of this study are reported for the first time on the effect of culture medium concentration on germination and seedling growth indices of Ferula.gummosa plant

Abstract Purslane include valuable secondary metabolit such as dopamine, noradrinalin and omega-3. This plant is used
in different industries medication, food and hygienic. Also is used in trearment of various diseases like
diabetes, heart troubles and relieve pain. Tissue culture use to produce the same plants and free of
contamination in short time. It is a useful method that can use in eugenic and genetic engineering. In this
experiment the effect of hormone BAP on the direct regeneration of purslane has been studied. Shoot tip
explant from from sterille plants derived from germination of seeds cultured in the medium MS containing
different concentrations BAP (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 mg/L). Percent regeneration, number stems, leave number, stem
length, leaf length, fresh weight and dry weight were investigated. Analysis of variance of data showed effect
of BAP on all traits at 1% level was significanted. The highest percentage of regeneration and other trairs was
obtained at 4.5 mg/L BAP. In the control medium, 1.5 mg/L no regeneration was seen.

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Abstract Cerasus mahaleb L. is a member of the Rosaceae family that have been used in different industries as
pharmaceutical, packaging, dyeing, chemical, sanitary, food, and perfume. For callus induction, Leaf pieces
(0.5–1.0 cm2) produced by plantlets after surface sterilization in MS medium containing 2, 4-D at concentration
of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mg l-1 and BAP at concentration of 0, 0.5, and 1 mg l-1, placed in a growth chamber
under dark conditions. In the next step, the calli were transferred to culture medium supplemented with growth
regulators of BAP, TDZ, and KIN and NAA in different concentrations for regeneration and then
characteristics of callus induction (%), callus diameter (mm), callus type, and callus color was recorded. 100%
callusing with the greatest diameter and friable and globular in texture with cream to light green in color were
observed on MS medium at concentration of 2 mg l-1 2, 4-D in combination with 1 mg l-1 BAP. Calli showed
no regeneration due to brown in color and highly soft and watery in texture.

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Abstract Today, saffron is a known strategic plant in agricultural. It knowns as the most expensive spice and also has several medical usage in traditional medicine. One of the most important usage of saffron is in cancer prevention and cancer therapy. In this study data were downloaded from website NCBI short read archive, which contains five different tissue mRNA sequences, stigma, tepal, leaf, corm and stamen. After downloading raw data, quality control and trimming were done. Then, gene expression quantification was done using RSEM software, and finally blastx was applied between reference assembled transcriptome and some of known genes in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. In this study, for the first time we report expression of CAD1 which codes the Cinnamoldehyde enzyme, it has several reports on its anticancer and anti-tumor effects. The expression level of CAD1 was high in Stigma and Tepal, which means Stigma could be used as anti-cancer drugs as well as its spice.

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Abstract Fewer side effects of medicinal plants compared to chemical drugs have caused them to receive increasing attention. Fennel is one of the most important and valuable medicinal plants due to its numerous healing properties and the presence of several valuable medicinal active substances. Due to the medicinal importance of this plant and the possibility of producing its metabolites in vitro, it is necessary to study the factors affecting the production of these metabolites; In addition, an efficient protocol for indirect regeneration and gene transfer can be provided. For this purpose, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in 2018. Factors included genotype (French and Isfahan), MS medium enriched with 2,4-D (1, 2 and 5 mg.l^-1) and BAP (0, 0.1 and 0.5 mg.l^-1) plant growth regulators as well as tissue Explants (root, hypocotyl and cotyledon). According to the results, the hypocotyl explant of Isfahan genotype had the highest callus fresh weight in culture medium containing 1 mg.l^-1 2,4-D. The French genotype had a higher fresh weight in culture medium containing 0.5 mg.l^-1 BAP. The highest callus dry weight was obtained in hypocotyl explants of French genotype with rich culture medium with 1 mg.l^-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg.l^-1 BAP. Regarding callus size characteristics, the cotyledon explant in culture medium enriched with 1 mg.l^-1 2,4-D had the best reaction. The cotyledon explant had the best callus induction in all treatment’s compounds