Journal of Medicinal Plants Biotechnology

Abstract Modern tissue culture and genetic transformation techniques play a significant role in manipulating biosynthetic pathways and enhancing the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Although a standardized method for the genetic transformation of Hyoscyamus niger has not yet been established, by optimizing factors influencing Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation—one of the most effective methods for genetic modification—it is possible to increase the frequency of regeneration and transformation in plant cells. In this study, with the aim of developing an efficient protocol to improve gene transfer efficiency in H. niger, three main factors were evaluated: the A. tumefaciens strain (EHA105, GV3101, and LBA4404), explant type (leaf and petiole), and transformation method (agroinoculation, agroinfection, agroinjection, and agrosonication). Optimization of gene transfer conditions revealed that petiole explants inoculated with the LBA4404 strain using agrosonication and agroinoculation methods exhibited the highest rates of callus and embryo formation, respectively. However, histochemical gusA staining indicated that among the hygromycin-resistant plantlets, only those derived from leaf explants inoculated with the LBA4404 strain carrying the pCAMBIA1304 vector via agroinfection showed positive X-gluc staining and contained blue pigments, achieving the highest transformation rate at 21.74%. The successful integration of gusA and hptII genes in putative transgenic plantlets was confirmed through PCR and RT-PCR analyses. Therefore, by investigating key factors affecting A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation, an efficient genetic transformation protocol for H. niger can be established.

Abstract Artichoke medicinal plant (Cynara scolymus L.) is a herbaceous, diploid and perennial plant. This plant is native to the Mediterranean region and belongs to the Asteracea family. It is rich

in polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, inulin, coumarins, terpenes, dietary fibre, enzymes, polysaccharides, minerals and vitamins Several studies have shown that artichokes have properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,. Due to the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of this plant, which contains very little fat and high levels of minerals, vitamin C, fiber, inulin, polyphenols, hydroxycinnamates and flavones. But its most effective substance can be related to polyphenols, which are mainly composed of mono and dicaffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids. The first research related to tissue culture in this plant dates back to 1973. The first reports on the secondary metabolites of this plant were on synaropecarin, which was recorded and reported for the first time in 1960 by Suchy and his colleagues.Optimization of different physical conditions such as temperature, aeration, light stirring and chemical factors such as addition of growth regulators and precursors to culture media for in vitro production of these active compounds are described. Furthermore, cultures of transformed hairy roots, induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes infection, have been discussed as an important technique to maximize the production of secondary metabolites in vitro. In this research, a general overview of the history and the time trend of biotechnology research has been made, and the problems, results, and research findings of the world's researchers have been collected.

Abstract