Journal of Medicinal Plants Biotechnology

Abstract Medicinal plants are used in various cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, and medical industries. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a perennial medicinal plant that has antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, lipid-lowering, and heart and liver-protecting properties due to its phenolic compounds (such as cynarin and caffeoylquinic), flavonoids, inulin, and volatile organic compounds (e.g., methyl salicylate, camphene, and alpha-terpinene). Tissue culture of medicinal plants is widely used to produce secondary metabolites. This study investigated the callus formation of artichoke from explants (leaflet, crown, and rootlet) in culture medium containing NAA (0, 3, and 6 mg L-1) and 2,4-D (0, 0.5, and 1 mg L-1) hormones. The results showed that callus formation occurred in all cultured explants. According to the results of callus weight and dimensions, the best explant for producing callus was the rootlet, and the leaflet had the weakest callus formation. Considering the largest callus dimensions (average 14.3 cm) in rootlet explants cultured in medium containing 6 mg L-1 NAA, rootlet explants and NAA hormone can be suggested for optimizing artichoke tissue culture and callus formation.

Abstract Artichoke medicinal plant (Cynara scolymus L.) is a herbaceous, diploid and perennial plant. This plant is native to the Mediterranean region and belongs to the Asteracea family. It is rich

in polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, inulin, coumarins, terpenes, dietary fibre, enzymes, polysaccharides, minerals and vitamins Several studies have shown that artichokes have properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,. Due to the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of this plant, which contains very little fat and high levels of minerals, vitamin C, fiber, inulin, polyphenols, hydroxycinnamates and flavones. But its most effective substance can be related to polyphenols, which are mainly composed of mono and dicaffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids. The first research related to tissue culture in this plant dates back to 1973. The first reports on the secondary metabolites of this plant were on synaropecarin, which was recorded and reported for the first time in 1960 by Suchy and his colleagues.Optimization of different physical conditions such as temperature, aeration, light stirring and chemical factors such as addition of growth regulators and precursors to culture media for in vitro production of these active compounds are described. Furthermore, cultures of transformed hairy roots, induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes infection, have been discussed as an important technique to maximize the production of secondary metabolites in vitro. In this research, a general overview of the history and the time trend of biotechnology research has been made, and the problems, results, and research findings of the world's researchers have been collected.