Journal of Medicinal Plants Biotechnology

Abstract Datura metel L. is an important medicinal plant that is a part of the Solanaceae family and contains important pharmaceutical compounds, including atropine and hyoscine (scopolamine), which is part of the tropane alkaloids and has known anticholinergic properties. In recent years, callus tissue induction has been introduced as a new method for obtaining secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was to inoculate callus from the isolated leaves of Datura seedlings to obtain the best hormonal concentration for maximum callus production. Datura seeds were cultured in MS medium under sterile conditions and Datura seedlings were obtained. The leaves of the seedlings were isolated and transferred to the MS medium without hormone, but the callus did not occur. In the next step, the leaves of the seedlings were transferred to the MS medium in 9 hormonal treatments containing different concentrations of auxin 2,4-D and cytokinin kinetin (Kin). the samples with light period was 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness and temperatures of 25 ° C for four week. The results showed that maximum callus formation in MS medium containing two hormones with concentrations of 1 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L Kin was obtained.

Abstract This study investigated the influence of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) on essential oil yield and composition of Different Parts of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) affected by three different levels of salt stress. The experiment was arranged as a factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Experimental treatments including: three levels of salinity stress (0 (control), 60 and 120 µm), two levels of inoculation (inoculation and non inoculation) and Three organs of the plant (leaves, flowering shoots  and mature seeds). The essential oil contents were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Salinity had significant effects on the essential oil percentage and yield of leaves, flowering shoots  and mature seeds. The percentage and yield of essential oil contents of seeds  and flowering shoots were much higher than those of leaves under all salinity treatments. Essential oil percentages of seeds and flowering shoots were considerably higher, when plants were subjected to moderate stress. The results pointed out that there was not a significant interaction between non mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal inoculation on essential oil percentage. However,The plants inoculated with AMF had significantly greater essential oil yield than the control plants at all salinity levels. The main oil constituents in organs were α –phellandrene, carvone, Linonene,  α – thujene, dillether  and dihydrocarvone. Salinity had significant effects on these components.Although, α – thujene percentage decreased in salt stress conditions. The Flowering shoots had greater α –phellandrene and carvone than the seeds, while Linonene of seeds was more than flowering shoots and leaves.The AMF induced a higher increase in these components  in response to salinity. AMF colonization notably increased α –phellandrene and carvone in  flowering shoots. The linonene percentge was higher in seeds of  mycorrhizal   than  nonmycorrhizal plants under salt stress conditions.

Abstract Lavander from Lamiaceae family is one of the most important medical and aromatic plants. The present study describes calli induction and indirect and direct regeneration optimization experiments. The experimental designs were factorial (2,4-D × KIN and BAP × NAA) for calli induction and indirect regeneration trails based on completely randomized design with four replication and factorial experiment (BAP × KIN) for direct regeneration trail based on completely randomized design with three replication. The results of the experiment showed that the most callus percentage was gained in MS medium supplemented with 0.4 mg.l^-1 2,4-D  and 0.4 mg.l^-1 kinetin. Indirect regeneration and emergence of seedlings were only from stem explants and in MS medium containing 1.6 mg.l^-1 BAP plus 1 mg.l^-1 kin, in which the callus were deposited after a period of time green and after about 45 days of subculture, It was formed on shoots. In the direct regeneration study, the combination of 2 mg.l^-1 BAP with 2 mg.l^-1 kinetin produced the highest percentage of regeneration.

Abstract Hyssops are herbaceous and perennial plants, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. In this experiment, callus production of two hyssop species (H. officinalis and H. angustifolius called common and local, respectively) was investigated using two culture media and different levels of plant growth regulators (PGR’s) to achieve the best culture medium and PGR combination for producing callus as a starting plant material for plant regeneration and secondary metabolite production. To do this, the seeds were cultured in MS medium and after 2 weeks shoots were placed on to the MS and B5 medium and PGR treatments (control, 0.5mg/L 2,4-D, 1mg/L 2,4-D, 0.2 mg/L NAA + 0.5mg/L 2,4-D, 0.2 mg/L NAA + 1mg/L 2,4-D) and incubated in a controlled environment. Then, the callus induction time and percentage of callus producing explants, fresh and dry weight of callus and callus color were recorded. The results showed that interaction between species, medium and PGR treatments was significant at 1% level. Meanwhile, mean comparison analyses showed that the highest amount of callus production in both evaluated hyssop species was observed in MS media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2 mg/L NAA, in which the common hyssop showed calli after 6 days, while the local hyssop species started callusing after 11 days. According to this research, this PGR treatment is proposed for callus induction in both species. Given the importance of these medicinal speciesof hyssop especially the local one and probability of its extinction, these results can be used for protecting this valuable herb.
 

Abstract Lunularia cruciate belonges to Lunulariaceae.It is small thalloid plant growing on the dump soils. Since the species is easy recognizable by the semi Lunularia cruciata gemma cups.Plant material  harvested  in three hight  and sexual & asexual gemmae in Ramsar city.For the manufacture of the extracts from the plants, extraction with etanol absolute and soxhlet.The separation of the components was achieved by gas chromatography and the identification of each compound was made by their mass spectrometry. It is known that the pattern of terpenoids ,saturated  and  unsaturated fatty acid in the Lunularia cruciata. The results of variance analysis on the palmitic acid, tetradecanoic acid, tetradecane, phytol,giberllic acid and neophytadiene showed that the hight changes on the these metabolits whith out palmitic acid significant at 1%level probability and these metabolits without phytol significant at 1%level probability in sexual and asexual gemmae.

Abstract This study investigated the influence of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) on biochemical traits and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GUPX) in shoots of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) affected by three different levels of salt stress. The experiment was arranged as a factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Experimental treatments including: three levels of salinity stress (0 (control), 60 and 120 µm) and two levels of inoculation (inoculation and non inoculation). Salinity decreased fenugreek growth, regardless of the mycorrhizal treatment and the salt stress level. The plants inoculated with AMF had significantly greater shoot biomass than the control plants at all salinity levels. However, the results pointed out that salinity had inhibitory effects on mycorrhizal infection. The highest mycorrhizal infection was observed in the control plants. According to the results,The  salt stressed plants had significantly greater essential oil percent than the control plants. AMF colonization notably increased essential oil percent at all salinity levels. The proline content was higher in salt-stressedthan non-stressed fenugreek, but there was no significant difference in proline content between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants under salt stress conditions.Increasing salinity stress raised significantly the antioxidant enzyme activities, including those of total SOD, GUPX and CAT, of fenugreek compared to their respective non-stressed controls. The AMF induced a higher increase in these antioxidant enzymes in response to severe salinity. Inoculation with AMF could serve as a useful tool for alleviating salinity stress in salt-sensitive plants. However, there was not significant interaction between salt and mycorrhizal inoculation on GUPX in shoots.